Cardiovascular disease is seriously harmful to human health, and its mortality and disability rate are increasing, which brings heavy economic pressure to ordinary families. The pathogenesis of most cardiovascular diseases is derived from atherosclerosis, which can cause coronary arteriosclerosis and then cause myocardial infarction. At present, the commonly used anti-atherosclerotic drugs are lipid-lowering drugs, antioxidant drugs and anti-platelet aggregation drugs. Although effective, long-term use of the above drugs will cause adverse reactions such as liver function damage and gastrointestinal bleeding. Some studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine monomer has a significant effect on atherosclerosis. Because of its many targets, few side effects and economical advantages, it has become a research hotspot in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This paper briefly reviews the research progress of anti-AS endothelial cell injury induced by traditional Chinese medicine monomer in four aspects: cell injury caused by antioxidant stress, regulation of vasoactive substances produced by endothelial cells, regulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cell surface and regulation of lipids.

Ling Huang, Huiling Cao. Research Progress of traditional Chinese Medicine monomers in Vascular Protection. International Journal of World Medicine (2024), Vol. 5, Issue 1: 25-39. https://doi.org/10.38007/IJWM.2024.050104.

[1]Qian Chunmei, Zhang Xiaofeng.Research progress of antioxidant-like Chinese herbal monomer inhibiting Ox-LDL production and protecting vascular endothelial cells [J].World of Chinese Medicine,2015,10(04):633-636.

[2]Wang Guixia, Liu YI. Research progress of vascular endothelial cell injury mechanism and drug protection [J].Journal of Liaoning Medical College,2008,29(05):466-469.

[3]Liao Hai-Tao, TANG Qiu-Ping, Zhang Xi, et al.Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine monomer to protect endothelial cells against atherosclerosis [J]. Chinese Journal of Basic Medicine,2019,25(11):1619-1622. (in Chinese)

[4]All 14 cardiovascular guidelines appear as the clinical "compass" in China [N]. Medical Journal,2023-11-16(B02).

[5]Li Li, Yang Shuyun. Discussion on the Rational Use of Antihypertensive Drugs [J]. Continuing Medical Education, 2018, 32(10): 153-155.

[6]Wu J, Xiao Z, Li H, et al. Present status, challenges, and prospects of dihydromyricetin in the battle against cancer[J]. Cancers, 2022, 14(14): 3487.

[7]Wei C, Chen X, Chen D, et al. Dihydromyricetin enhances intestinal antioxidant capacity of growing-finishing pigs by activating ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway[J]. Antioxidants, 2022, 11(4): 704.

[8]Turcov D, Zbranca A, Horciu L I, et al. Resveratrol in the prevention and treatment of oxidative stress[J]. Bull. IPI, 2020, 66: 55-65.

[9]Liu Fangfang, Jin Yao, Yun Ming, et al. Protective effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress and apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by PM2.5 [J]. New drugs of traditional Chinese medicine and clinical pharmacology. 2017 28 (3): 273-277.

[10]Zhang Y, Zhu X, Zhao J, et al. Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol against radiation after surgically induced brain injury by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis through NRf2/HO‐1/NF‐κB signaling pathway[J]. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, 2020, 34(12): e22600.

[11]Kode A, Rajendrasozhan S, Caito S, et al. Resveratrol induces glutathione synthesis by activation of Nrf2 and protects against cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress in human lung epithelial cells[J]. American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 2008, 294(3): L478-L488.

[12]Salehi B, Mishra A P, Nigam M, et al. Resveratrol: A double-edged sword in health benefits[J]. Biomedicines, 2018, 6(3): 91.

[13]Wang Y, Jiang F, Cheng H, et al. Astragaloside IV protects against oxidative stress in calf small intestine epithelial cells via NFE2L2-antioxidant response element signaling[J]. International journal of molecular sciences, 2019, 20(24): 6131.

[14]Su X, Guo H, Zhou Y, et al. Astragaloside IV attenuates high glucose‐induced NF‐κB‐mediated inflammation through activation of PI3K/AKT‐ERK‐dependent Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in glomerular mesangial cells[J]. Phytotherapy Research, 2023, 37(9): 4133-4148.

[15]Su Y, Chen Q, Ma K, et al. Astragaloside IV inhibits palmitate-mediated oxidative stress and fibrosis in human glomerular mesangial cells via downregulation of CD36 expression[J]. Pharmacological Reports, 2019, 71: 319-329.

[16]Meng P, Yang R, Jiang F, et al. Molecular mechanism of astragaloside IV in improving endothelial dysfunction of cardiovascular diseases mediated by oxidative stress[J]. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2021, 2021.

[17]Han Ronghui, Lu Mei, Hu Jin, et al. Protective effects of astragalus polysaccharides on endothelial cell injury induced by hydrogen peroxide [J]. Pharmacology and Clinic of traditional Chinese Medicine, 2015, 31 (5): 75-78

[18]Sun Q, Wu X, Wang H, et al. Protective effects of astragalus polysaccharides on oxidative stress in high glucose-induced Or SOD2-Silenced H9C2 cells based On PCR Array Analysis[J]. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2019: 2209-2220.

[19]Ren J, Fu L, Nile S H, et al. Salvia miltiorrhiza in treating cardiovascular diseases: a review on its pharmacological and clinical applications[J]. Frontiers in pharmacology, 2019, 10: 463061.

[20]Yang G, Wang F, Wang Y, et al. Protective effect of tanshinone IIA on H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in rat cardiomyocytes by activating Nrf2 pathway[J]. Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2020, 40(3): 264-272.

[21]Zhou F M, Huang J J, Hu X J, et al. Protective effects of flavonoids from the leaves of Carya cathayensis Sarg. against H 2 O 2 induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in vitro[J]. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2021, 22(6): 1-11.

[22]Liu Q, Jin Z, Xu Z, et al. Antioxidant effects of ginkgolides and bilobalide against cerebral ischemia injury by activating the Akt/Nrf2 pathway in vitro and in vivo[J]. Cell Stress and Chaperones, 2019, 24(2): 441-452.

[23]Lin D, Wu H, Zhou Z, et al. Ginkgolide B improves multiterritory perforator flap survival by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress[J]. Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021, 34(6): 610-616.

[24]Hyun S H, Bhilare K D, In G, et al. Effects of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides on oxidative stress and cardiovascular diseases: pharmacological and therapeutic roles[J]. Journal of Ginseng Research, 2022, 46(1): 33-38.

[25]He B, Chen D, Zhang X, et al. Oxidative stress and ginsenosides: An update on the molecular mechanisms[J]. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2022, 2022.

[26]Zhang Yuwei, Zhang Danshen, Jing Yongshuai. Research progress on the protective mechanism of Danshensu on oxidative injury of vascular endothelial cells [J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2021 min 35 (10): 806.

[27]Lin T H, Hsieh C L. Pharmacological effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) on cerebral infarction[J]. Chinese medicine, 2010, 5: 1-6.

[28]Xia N, Förstermann U, Li H. Effects of resveratrol on eNOS in the endothelium and the perivascular adipose tissue[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2017, 1403(1): 132-141.

[29]Li H, Xia N, Hasselwander S, et al. Resveratrol and vascular function[J]. International journal of molecular sciences, 2019, 20(9): 2155.

[30]Han R, Tang F, Lu M, et al. Astragalus polysaccharide ameliorates H2O2-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury[J]. Molecular Medicine Reports, 2017, 15(6): 4027-4034.

[31]Chen W, Yu M H, Li Y M, et al. Beneficial effects of astragalus polysaccharides treatment on cardiac chymase activities and cardiomyopathy in diabetic hamsters[J]. Acta diabetologica, 2010, 47: 35-46.

[32]Cui T, Liu W, Yu C, et al. Protective effects of allicin on acute myocardial infarction in rats via hydrogen sulfide-mediated regulation of coronary arterial vasomotor function and myocardial calcium transport[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022, 12: 752244.

[33]Sánchez-Gloria J L, Arellano-Buendía A S, Juárez-Rojas J G, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective role of allicin on cardiovascular diseases[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2022, 23(16): 9082.

[34]Yang Guang, du Yunlong, Zhu Kaimei, et al. Effects of total flavonoids of Tripterygium wilfordii on blood lipids, nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor in atherosclerotic rats. Guangdong Medicine, 2017. 38 (09): 1309-1313.

[35]Fan G, Zhu Y, Guo H, et al. Direct vasorelaxation by a novel phytoestrogen tanshinone IIA is mediated by nongenomic action of estrogen receptor through endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and calcium mobilization[J]. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology, 2011, 57(3): 340-347.

[36]Xue Q, He N, Wang Z, et al. Functional roles and mechanisms of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng in atherosclerosis[J]. Journal of ginseng research, 2021, 45(1): 22-31.

[37]Xu Z, Lan T, Wu W, et al. The effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on endothelial damage and ghrelin expression induced by hyperhomocysteine[J]. Journal of vascular surgery, 2011, 53(1): 156-164.

[38]Deng Y H, Alex D, Huang H Q, et al. Inhibition of TNF‐α‐mediated endothelial cell–monocyte cell adhesion and adhesion molecules expression by the resveratrol derivative, trans‐3, 5, 4′‐trimethoxystilbene[J]. Phytotherapy research, 2011, 25(3): 451-457.

[39]Kaplan S, Morgan J A, Bisleri G, et al. Effects of resveratrol in storage solution on adhesion molecule expression and nitric oxide synthesis in vein grafts[J]. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 2005, 80(5): 1773-1778.

[40]Wang L, Yu Y, Zhang L, et al. Taurine rescues vascular endothelial dysfunction in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats: correlated with downregulation of LOX-1 and ICAM-1 expression on aortas[J]. European journal of pharmacology, 2008, 597(1-3): 75-80.

[41]Ulrich-Merzenich G, Zeitler H, Vetter H, et al. Protective effects of taurine on endothelial cells impaired by high glucose and oxidized low density lipoproteins[J]. European journal of nutrition, 2007, 46: 431-438.

[42]Tang C, Xue H, Bai C, et al. Regulation of adhesion molecules expression in TNF‐α‐stimulated brain microvascular endothelial cells by tanshinone IIA: involvement of NF‐κB and ROS generation[J]. Phytotherapy Research, 2011, 25(3): 376-380.

[43]Yang J X, Pan Y Y, Ge J H, et al. Tanshinone II A attenuates TNF-α-induced expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in endothelial progenitor cells by blocking activation of NF-κB[J]. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 2016, 40(1-2): 195-206.