DOI: 10.38007/978-1-80053-489-6

Energy serves as the material foundation for the existence and development of modern society and acts as a key metric for human civilizational progress. Since the turn of the 21st century, the intertwining of climate change, resource constraints, and environmental pressures has driven a profound structural transformation in the global energy system. The rapid rise of new energy sources—exemplified by wind and solar power—is reshaping the fundamental landscape of electricity generation, transmission, and consumption. By the end of 2024, global installed renewable energy capacity had reached 4,448 GW, marking an annual growth rate of 15.1%; meanwhile, Chinese cumulative installed capacities for wind and photovoltaic power hit 441 GW and 609 GW, respectively. Building a new type of power system and achieving "dual carbon" goals (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality) have become the strategic core of high-quality energy development. 

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